G-d's Covenant with Noah

Genesis 6:18 occurs before the Flood (recorded in chapters 7-8).  In the verses leading up to this point, G-d informs Noah that He will bring "the flood water upon the earth" and that "everything that is on the earth shall perish." G-d then tells Noah that He will establish His covenant with him.

A reasonable person might ask the question: "G-d is going to flood the whole world.  If Noah dies in the Flood, then how will G-d be able to make a covenant with him?" Being the infinitely wise Creator of the universe that He is, G-d also recognized this dilemma. So he provides Noah with instructions for building an ark that will carry him, his family, and all the kinds of animals on the earth safely through the time of the Flood.

After the Flood, G-d established His covenant with Noah.  Genesis chapter 9 provides the details of the covenant:

Then G-d spoke to Noah and to his sons with him, saying, Now behold, I Myself do establish My covenant with you, and with your descendants after you; and with every living creature that is with you, the birds, the cattle, and every beast of the earth with you; of all that comes out of the ark, even every beast of the earth.  I establish My covenant with you; and all flesh shall never again be cut off by the water of the flood, neither shall there again be a flood to destroy the earth."

G-d said, "This is the sign of the covenant which I am making between Me and you and every living creature that is with you, for all successive generations; I set My bow in the cloud, and it shall be for a sign of a covenant between Me and the earth.  "It shall come about, when I bring a cloud over the earth, that the bow will be seen in the cloud, and I will remember My covenant, which is between Me and you and every living creature of all flesh; and never again shall the water become a flood to destroy all flesh.  "When the bow is in the cloud, then I will look upon it, to remember the everlasting covenant between G-d and every living creature of all flesh that is on the earth." And G-d said to Noah, "This is the sign of the covenant which I have established between Me and all flesh that is on the earth."  (Genesis 9:8-17)

G-d's Covenant with Noah

The particulars of the covenant span several chapters of Genesis, with the introduction being the most significant portion.

The Covenant

• Introduction- Genesis 6:1-8:22
• Parties-
  • The covenant is G-d's (Genesis 6:18, 9:9)
  • The covenant is made with Noah (Genesis 9:8),
    his sons, and descendants after him [i.e., all humankind] (Genesis 9:9),
    and with every living creature that was with Noah (Genesis 9:10)
• Covenant Responsibilities
  • Required actions
    • Be fruitful and multiply; populate the earth (Genesis 9:7)
  • Prohibited actions
    • Do not eat meat with blood still in it (Genesis 9:4)
    • Do not commit murder (Genesis 9:5)
  • Benefits
    • All flesh shall never again be cut off by water (Genesis 9:11)
    • There shall not again be a flood to destroy the earth (Genesis 9:11)
  • Penalties
    • Whoever sheds man's blood by man, his blood shall be shed
      [i.e., the death penalty administered by men] (Genesis 9:6)
• Conditions for perpetuation
  • The covenant is specified to be for "all successive generations" [לְדֹרֹ֖ת עוֹלָֽם- l'dorat olam: literally "for eternal generations"] (Genesis 9:12)
  • The covenant is specified as an "everlasting covenant" [בְּרִ֣ית עוֹלָ֔ם - brit olam] and is not perpetuated by any specific action (Genesis 9:16)
• Enumeration of witnesses - none given
• Covenant sign- G-d's bow [rainbow] is set in the clouds (Genesis 9:12-17)
• Covenant seal- none given

Observations

The Covenant Belongs to G-d

Just so we do not mistake the point, G-d declares in Scripture that the covenant is His (Genesis 6:18).  It is not Noah's.  While the covenant is made with Noah, ownership of and authority in the covenant are G-d's.  Covenants of this type are sometimes termed "suzerain" covenants in which a greater power bestows an unmerited covenant upon a lesser power.  G-d is the greater in this situation, and He extends His covenant to Noah.

This begs the question: who can make a covenant?  Is it just anyone?  It seems fair to state that only an individual with something to offer can reasonably initiate a covenant.  G-d created everything (Nehemiah 9:6), and all of Creation belongs to Him (Deuteronomy 10:14).  In human terms, we can historically find greater kings making covenants with lesser kings or perhaps kings with other kings who are their equal.  Still, no human being can approach G-d and attempt to make a covenant with Him.  We have nothing to offer Him except that which is already his.
 

A Covenant of Grace

Verses in Genesis 6 indicate that G-d had already selected Noah for a covenant relationship before the events of the Flood.  Without these verses, we might be left to think G-d chose Noah because of his obedience in building the ark and saving the animals (and himself!) that he was given the covenant.  Recall from the first part of this series that the act of covenanting also involves a choice.  A greater meaning is revealed to us when G-d chooses from among humanity before the Flood.  If G-d were choosing after the Flood, Noah seems to get the covenant by default, and the greatness and gravity of G-d's sovereign selection are diminished.

G-d's covenant with Noah is extended as a measure of G-d's grace.  Noah had done nothing to merit this covenant.  Although Scripture describes Noah as "righteous" (Genesis 6:9, the first time in Scripture such a statement is made of a man), we know that G-d "has mercy on those whom He will have mercy" (Exodus 33:19).  To paraphrase the ancient l'olam y'hay adam prayer of believers, "It is not in the merit of Noah's righteousness but in the merit of G-d's abundant mercy that Noah was shown grace."

An Everlasting Covenant

In Genesis 9:16, this covenant is called an "everlasting covenant" [בְּרִ֣ית עוֹלָ֔ם - brit olam].  The Hebrew word olam is used in Genesis 21:33 to describe G-d as "the Everlasting G-d," in Exodus 15:18 to declare "The LORD shall reign forever and ever.", and in Deuteronomy 33:27 to describe G-d as "the eternal G-d."

As an expression of the character and nature of G-d (graceful, merciful, Savior, Sovereign, etc.), it stands to reason that the covenant itself is eternal and is, in this way, also an expression of the Eternal G-d.  Therefore, we should be thankful that this covenant is eternal and everlasting so we can have peace knowing that never again will G-d flood the Earth as He did in the time of Noah.

The Pattern of Salvation Covenants

We should also recognize from the events of the Flood that this is also a covenant of salvation.  It is not the "great and eternal salvation" (which is found only in Messiah Yeshua) but deliverance from the physical consequences of the Flood.  Noah was saved from G-d's wrath and judgment upon the earth and was afterward given the covenant.  This covenant provides a picture of G-d's future, eternal salvation.  Yeshua even refers to the events surrounding this covenant to describe His return (Matthew 24:37-38, Luke 17:26)).

The pattern we find in the covenant is this:

• G-d reveals coming judgment- Genesis 6:5-7
• G-d creates a way of salvation- Genesis 6:8, 13
• G-d provides a way for humankind to connect with that salvation- Genesis 6:14-22 (not through our power but through His power)
• G-d provides deliverance- Genesis 8:1
• There is a remnant who are delivered- Genesis 7:23
• G-d establishes a covenant and lays out the terms of the covenant with those who are delivered- Genesis 9:9-17

We should not mistake the mechanism G-d provided for "connecting with" salvation as a separate covenant with Noah.  The details of G-d's only covenant with Noah are revealed in chapter 9 when the covenant is established.
 

Noachide Laws?

After examining the details of G-d's covenant with Noah, some maintain that the "Seven Noahide Laws" are all that is required of Gentiles today¹.  Interestingly, only two of the "Noahide Laws" are recorded in Scripture as being given to Noah.  The other Noahide laws are imported from the Law given at Mt. Sinai or rationalized by early rabbis.  Scripture never indicates that the covenant with Noah contains seven laws or that the covenant is the only standard for Gentiles.

The consistent teaching of Scripture (addressed later in this series) is that the Gentiles who sojourn with the Israelites are subject to many of the same covenantal conditions as the Israelites.  As those who are "grafted into Israel" through Messiah Yeshua (Romans 11:24), Gentiles also have the privilege of participating in many (but not all!) of the covenant promises and responsibilities given by G-d.

But let's not get too far ahead of ourselves.  The next mention of covenant in Scripture belongs to Abram, but it is not with G-d.