13 Elul

September 12, 1695- The Jewish community of New York petitioned the governor for permission to worship publicly. Permission to exercise their faith openly was denied; because freedom of religion applied to Christians only. (pre-USA)

August 26, 1942-  1,002 Jews were transferred from the Drancy Transit Camp in France to Auschwitz, Poland. Upon arrival, 937 of them were gassed. Only 32 survived until liberation by the Soviets in 1945.

August 26, 1942-  The Nazi SS and Ukrainian police murdered 6,000 Jews over three days in Kostopol, Poland.