19 Av

July 22, 1209- 200 Jews were killed in a crusaders massacre of Beziers, a city in southern France, that was an ancient Gallic fortress.

1914- Russian authorities in Mitchenick, Poland, expelled the Jews in the first of a long series of expulsions that uprooted many Polish and Lithuanian Jewish communities.

August 12, 1941- The Nazis established a ghetto in Lomza, Poland, where 11,000 Jews had lived.